فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 27 (پاییز 1395)

The relation between sensory dimensions of urban spaces and social security is assessed in this research. The results of the study show that there is a direct relation between the perceived information of environment and human health. People feel and understand the urban spaces through different ways and pleasantness or unpleasantness of urban spaces and their safety can have a substantial role on the mental health of dwellers and passersby. This study tries to analyze different ways of transferring and general environmental perception and then finds their effects on social safety and security in order to propose a compound way to organize urban spaces.Based on the obtained results it was supposed to find a compound method for well forming of urban safety regarding some important and social characteristics, including age, gender, education, job, social class and other cases.Researchers tried to find the relevant elements which have direct effects on the decrease and increase of safety of urban environment and then tried to obtain results. The selected method for the analysis was a combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods. First, by using the different theoretical sources, the desired quantitative data were gathered and then by analyzing them the quantitative criteria for field consideration were assigned. In fact, according to the outcome information gathered from quantitative data the researchers tried to gather quantitative data and then generalized them. After choosing the methods of research, the next steps were assigning data gathering, collecting of qualitative and quantitative questions, analyzing the data and finally preparation of the report.Hereafter, it was analyzed to find the relation between the elements based on theoretical method, condition of variables (description) and their relation (analysis). First the samples were distributed based on basic elements, dependent and independent elements in order to achieve a general understanding of the sample population.Second, the relations between basic and independent elements with dependent elements were achieved through a test. The outcome answers from the participants were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. According to the raised theories and examining them in the two mentioned areas, the researchers used the uni-sample T-test for comparing the variables in these two areas.Selected case-studies are Saqerisazan and Goslar in Rasht. Oldness, their appearance time, the owning rate of urban facilities, the attitude of young and old people living in these two areas, were among other reasons, the basic ones to choose these two areas, so that the researchers could examine their special and unique characteristics. Distributing the questioners and then gathering of the information, the researchers could compare the rate of safety in the mentioned areas and could recognize the effective factors on the reduction of the safety and therefore were able to reject or approve the theories of the research. The research describes effective factors that affect the security of two mentioned districts. As a result, suggestions including guidelines, strategies, publicities and plan were given and recommended to decrease the crime rate and disorder behavior to increase the safety of each neighborhood.... Key words: Security, Safety, Social safety, Safe Urban City.

The involvement of the publication of architecture with practice of architect has been long and a subject with multistory and multiuse as "sketch" always same as the design has been scrutinized. We know the architecture is vitalized with notion, and creativity is a matter leading to the innovation of a novel, appealing and pleasant architectural work of art.The learner of architecture, usually in an educational-training process, exercises the gap between theory and practice through developing "Drawing" skills; but, indeed, it is the sketching that leads him to creativity, dreaming and improvisationfor spreading of his thought and plans- the more this idea is developed, the better architecture will be generated. Therefore, it goes without saying that the cycle of notion to publication in education and, also, the development of design for the architect is a vertical procedure, which includes the hierarchy of loose, evocative and researching sketching; in the everyday terminology of education, they are defined with the terms croquis, schematic design and sketch respectively.There is a direct link between the proper realization of these three subjects and our level of understanding of imagination and schema; such measure, along with skills, gives the architect the opportunity to make ideas and heed the details of scheme. Hence, we can put emphasis on the link between education and sketching in the design process if we consider education as an issue which, basically, changes our viewpoint towards subjects, and regard sketching as a work with which we could observe subjects from our point of view.Indeed, architects basically employ sketching as an educational affair when they utilize it to remember the parts of scheme, draw them and find ideas to view things in different ways. Students, in turn, use sketch in the stages of finding ideas, analysis of data and cognition of subject, and, in the later stages, they benefit from the application of digital software beside the manual schematic designs; they utilize sketch if there is a need for instant explanation or swift change.Nevertheless, the meaning and role of what is entitled sketch and isunder discussion in Iran's schools of architecture is not clear yet; this ambiguity, in theoretical-practical cycle of sketch, has resulted in a decrease in efficient exploitation of "Quantitative-qualitative Capabilities of Sketch" in education, learning and assessment of sketch in design process. This paper has tried to provide the "sketch-cycle" from theory to practice, to model the guidelines and hierarchy in mixed attention to details and generality of design, and as a case study this approach has been explored in sketch test in the Islamic Azad University from the perspective of applicants. According to the research findings, the lack of proper attention to the guidelines of sketch and fading due process of theory-practice cycle of sketch, decrease of use of "Capabilities of Sketch" in the context of teaching and learning in the educational process of architecture have caused that at least in sketch test of the Islamic Azad University as a symbol of quality evaluation of architecture education is clearly traceable.... Keywords: Imagination, Schema, Cycle Sketch, Sketch Training, Architecture Education

Community satisfaction has often been linked to the level of satisfaction with a community’s infrastructure, job opportunities and social support networks. Apart from concern over population decline, there is another important reason for demand of have a better understanding of what factors influence “community satisfaction.” Community development practitioners, community leaders and other local stakeholders see “community cohesion”, “a strong sense of community” and similar concepts as having both intrinsic and instrumental value associated with their work and responsibilities. Yet, most empirical analyses of community and residential satisfaction have focused on only one aspect of the available theory to predict the satisfaction of individuals. However there are some similarities in those definitions which stems from this notion that there is a core in all of those interpretations. Those cores need to be portrayed clearly to make this concept more understandable in multidisciplinary activities. Residential satisfaction reflects the degree to which individuals’ housing needs are fulfilled. RS is a subjective dependent variable which depends on many physical and social parameters. However, the propriety of those parameters could vary for different people with different social cultural and professional back grounds and other reasons. Housing is a mixed used element that satisfies several needs. The failures of many housing projects stems from lack of knowledge on the determinants of Residential Satisfaction (RS) concept. Results of most studies indicate that housing satisfaction is affected by an array of individual, housing and neighborhood attributes. Nonetheless it’s also important and significant to take into account the effect of social interactions. RS has been an important factor for policy makers during the preparation of their guide line of housing construction for the variety of people. RS for policy makers means that habitants needs have been met and that they are happy in their dwelling unit.Residential Satisfaction and its effective relationship with Quality of Life are of those concepts into consideration in recent decades. Not recognizing RS in designing projects leads to a severe problems. These problems includes projects do not satisfy the occupant’s needs, in terms of comfort, social, cultural and religious needs. Consequently, it influences the quality of life and affects the psychosocial aspects of the inhabitants. This study has aimed to investigate the residential satisfaction of Mehrshahr, which had once been consisted of low-rise single house units, settling high-income residents and in recent years has modified to a composite dense structure. So assessing changes occurred in this region is the main point of this study. To achieve this goal, several attributes in subjective and objective dimensions were evaluated, applying several regression analysis and a model attributed to Amerigo and Aragones in 1997. Previous models in community satisfaction have included many different categories of variables, but no model has yet incorporated all of them simultaneously. Data were collected through field inquiry and results indicate low residential satisfaction(below average) in this region, which regarding their length of residents, with significant percentage dwelling less than 10 years, infer the lack of sense of place among individuals.... Keywords: Residential satisfaction, Quality of life, Iranian Planned Urban Areas, Mehrshahr of Karaj.

Community architecture, as a novel approach in architecture, has changed throughout ages. This approach has many concepts which have increased and decreased during the times, but the main concept of community architecture has always been the indirect participation of people in designing. Also, public spaces and stability have recently been added to these new parameters. Among three approaches available in the architecture including political, social and psychological ones, the one that is strongly related to community architecture is a fundamental aspect named sense of community. Sense of community is often defined as a feeling of belonging to a group of members. A feeling that shows the members matter to one another and to the group, and a common faith that ensures that the members needs will be met through their commitment to a unity. Sense of community has two important parts. The first part is individual and the second part is collective. Gender, age, education, level of income and ownership are related to the individual level, while membership, influence, Integration and fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connection are related to the collective part. Public spaces are the most important spaces which could increase the sense of community. They are recognized as being accessible to all groups, providing freedom of action for users. Some changes in modern society may lead to a decrease in the sense of community in public spaces of residential complexes. For instance, most of the people do not like to be present in public spaces for participating and using of facilities of them, or technology and media prevent people from being together. In this new condition, the sense of community will slowly disappear. This is a big problem for all countries all over the world. Identifying and creating the conditions that foster and strengthen sense of community within public spaces of residential complex is an important task for us. We can make suitable conditions to encourage people for coming in public spaces of residential complex and share their needs and beliefs through designing methods. The reduction in this context could be empowered by the presence and participation of people. Thus, we classify our data in two tables. The first table shows design methods in community design with behavioral patterns and performance of spaces, and in the second table some methods for making better facilities to public spaces of residential complex presents have been presented. The only residential complex with public spaces in Hamadan is Saidyeh complex. We have divided the site of this complex into some parts, and observe them for 5 months. 65 persons were randomly selected and interviewed about their needs. A table is drawn according to performance of spaces, behavioral patterns, designing methods and style of investigation (interview or observation). This study aims at examining the collected information through a qualitative method and evaluates the selected samples (through targeted sampling) and compares them with table of designed parameters. As a result, we concluded that the climate and culture could affect community architecture in Hamadan.... Keywords: Community Architecture, Community Feeling, Environmental Psychology.

Architecture in different climatic regions demands various design and construction considerations. Building orientation is one of the important factors considered in an architectural design, particularly for traditional buildings which were dependent on their thermal-efficiency properties. Isfahan, a city with a hot-arid climate in central Iran and with an architecture of courtyard-type to provide its thermal comfort, is regarded in this research for its building orientation. The great and large imperial square of the city also has a unique and controversial orientation which was a subject of various interpretations. Pirnia also had a theory in terms of architectural orientation and he believed that the angle orientation of meidan is based on Isfahani Roon which was determined according to climatic conditions of Isfahan such as solar radiation and wind. Isfahani roon was determined in southeast – northwest direction which was considered in the traditional architecture and urban spaces of Isfahan that is, the historic houses of Isfahan also were oriented in alignment with the square. This theory is established as an important principle in traditional architecture of Iran and has been teaching in architecture academies of Iran, but was never investigated. The objective of this research is to study and recognize of this theory accuracy so that it would be possible to investigate one of Pirnia’s theories, and also another aspects of Iranian historic architecture and urban design will be identified. Furthermore, it would be possible to identify the climatic conditions of a hot and arid region such as Isfahan in terms of architectural design. Now it is the question that Naqsh-e-Jahan square was determined in this peculiar direction actually for climatic reasons? And the architectural and urban spaces in the historic city of Isfahan was in alignment with the direction of the meidan? To understand the design purposes of this particular orientation it was essential to recognize the optimum orientation of Isfahan based on climatic conditions and then to compare it with the orientation of historic square and houses. Two quantitative and qualitative methods was used for this research. In qualitative method, the climatic conditions and optimum orientation for the architecture of Isfahan was evaluated according to the literature concerning solar radiation and different ideas regarding the strange orientation of meidan and the effective factors upon it, which is a descriptive- analytical method. In the quantitative method the frequency of the residential buildings in Isfahan towards different directions is achieved from a statistical random sample. Finally it was concluded that the unique orientation could be proper for the courtyard-type houses of Isfahan, but not for the imperial square. And at the end with regard to the results, it was demonstrated that the climatic conditions had no particular influence on the orientation of meidan and another hypothesis regarding the design of meidan in alignment with direction of a trade route is concentrated in this research. Furthermore, although the Isfahani orientation is the optimum orientation for the architecture of Isfahan, but this direction has little frequency in traditional architecture and buildings of Isfahan.... Keywords: Isfahan- Orientation- Naqsh Jahan Square- Climatic Conditions- Traditional Architecture.

Nowadays, the citizen's security and the ways of promoting it have been considered as a priority of urban designer. Planning and design for safety in a city or a neighbourhood may become a very complex exercise from the physical point of view.Cities and urban areas are places where different communities and groups of people attend in. With a great variety of social and cultural life styles and different attitudes, so that they have different demands and expectations from their spaces. The amount of using urban spaces indicates its suitability to serve the needs and inspirations of each group. Besides meeting the social needs, services and access for all users of space, urban spaces must deal with facilities and conditions to develop and infuse a sense of security in space. Urban planners try to identify security threat, especially in public and urban spaces, provide security for their users. Female due to differences in biological characteristics, responsibilities, and attitudes compared to men, establish a different relationship with the space. So, Special facilities are required to increase.The confidence of the spaces for their presence in urban spaces, especially public spaces such as parks, in this research relied on descriptive-analysis method has been studied in Tehran (Saei Park) on the purpose of promoting the security of women in urban spaces and the effective factors for security of women. One hundred questionnaires consist of multiple-choice questions and descriptive ones are prepared and distributed among the women in the park and the responses were analyzed by the SPSS software. First of all, an introduction of the studied field and basis theoretical of the research which consists of explanations, conceptions, and attitudes related to the topic is presented and afterwards an investigation of the factors affecting the safety of women in the studied field, a description of the research history (conducted similar researches) and a research approach are scrutinized. Finally, the outcomes and discoveries of the research due to increasing the women's security in urban areas are studied.The results of increasing women's security in urban spaces according to the results of the questionnaires about unsafe parts in Saie Park, shows that more than half of the park spaces, including the southern and eastern parts and a large area in the center of the park are insecure and women are less likely to use these parts. The reasons that women don't intend to use the insecure areas or use them less include: accessibility, readability, vegetation, social control, lighting and flooring. The result shows that women's high secure feeling in urban areas is not affected by personal characteristics, such as age, education level and employment status; and three effective factors including physical (lighting, access control, furniture, mixed land uses, access to quality, night life, green space and legibility), social (social justice space, security understanding of population and Social control) and social-physical (being familiar with the space and renowned space). Among these factors, social-physical factor is the most important reason to keep women safe in urban places.... Keywords: Women security, Urban space, Social-physical factors, Saie Park.

In recent decade, due the increase of cars emissions as well as Low per capita of green space, Pollutant concentrations has reached above the Public health standards in many developing cities of Iran. This problem led to an increase in sudden mortality rate in these urban areas. This situation in spaces with special functions such as multistory-car-parks is much more important. The expansion of Qazvin has led to an increase in the need for the parking facilities in dense urban areas. This problem has been solved by building underground and multi-story parking in these areas. Buali Street’s multi-story car parks are intended for economic exploitation in terms of land as well as meeting the need of parking space shortage for cars in one of the densest urban areas. Emissions caused by more than a thousand cars in the parking lot due to excessive condensation on parking site, increased the level of pollutants at this location. This problem needs to provide a way for reducing the level of pollutant and pollution.Nowadays vegetation is used as materials for building skin to mitigate the environmental problems. The green wall technology has wide application and significant benefits in term of Environments, saving energy, economy, psychology, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, prevention of heating islands, improve air quality, employment opportunities and aesthetic aspects. Given the role of plants in reducing urban pollutant and taking into account that urban green spaces and the trees on the edge of streets and parks can absorb pollutants only at low levels, so the possibility to create Vegetation at higher levels due to vertical growth of cities, can be an effective step in reducing the micron pollutants that has maximum concentration at the Levels above the ground and adjacent building openings. The system considered in this study is a special kind of green wall that includes climbing plants with a modular scaffold system that are used to provide support and direction for move the plants. To use this system in a building with multiple floors, such as those comes in this study we face, the plant that planted in a soil bed (medium), fixed to the part of the facades is required by using the support structure. After a few months (depending on the environmental conditions), the facade is covered with vegetation.This study intends to estimate the amount of contaminants arising from the cars’ emission in Bualistreet’s parking and determine the level of mitigation of pollution by green wall. The present study was based on a combination of library-based as well as statistical and numerical methods which are used to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide, lead and smokes in parking areas and to calculate the mitigation of these pollutants by big-leaf model. The result indicated that 1m2 of green wall on the Buali’s multi-story car park’s walls can reduced the emissions of pollutants in the 757.7μg per second. In other word these walls mitigated the air pollution in parking area as 26.1% and prevent them from being damaged.... Keywords: Multi storycar parks,Bualistreet of Qazvin, Pollutants, Green wall.

Today, the meaning of housing or dwelling generally applied for a place that can response the most diminished human entity facts and his needs. In fact, house means a place that we reside in it to achieve calmness and this is the meaning of home as well. The residential space should be capable to provide necessary conditions for personal growth of each individuals both for children and adults. Erickson's growth theory shows the important role of playing and living environment during the child's growth. Whereas, our today residential places are not capable to accept and response our children's natural needs and requirements. This study which is conducted with the purpose of more qualified and healthy environments and residential places and also the satisfaction of residents from living environments, examines the outdoors characteristics of residential complexes as one of the environmental factors on the growth of children. According to inter-field approach of this study, the environmental psychology is distinguished to be suitable for explaining and testing the hypothesis. This study is going to answer this question: can the residential complexes provide a suitable environment for child's growth? Also, based on this question, the following hypothesis conducted: there is a relationship between outdoor residential complex and child's anxiety. In this direction, the criterions for a suitable house and detecting the children's characteristics as the main important group of residents were examined from the viewpoint of experts and authorities and the mentioned factors examined in "Apadana", "Ekbatan" and "Shahid Fakouri" complexes in order to recognize the effective principles in promoting the quality of these complexes. The research methodology used in this study is a comparative descriptive method that in order to describing the criterions, library resources were used and for data analysis the measuring studies were used through questionnaires and field observations.The statistical population in this study is included children with the age range of 8-11 years that they live in apartment residential complexes in 5th area in Tehran. The sampling method of this study is the categorical sampling. The method of data collection in the present study is library studies and field studies. The instruments used for data collection are researcher-made questionnaire, Spence anxiety test for children and observations. It should be noted that, the scores obtained from questionnaires statistically analyzed through using SPSS software.The results of one-way ANOVA show that the type of residential complexes has some effects on the amount of children's anxiety and the satisfaction from outdoor space is the same in all three under-studied complexes. The results on one-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficient show that there is not any statistically significant relationship between anxiety and the satisfaction of outdoor residential complexes.Finally, the relationship between the quality and amount of children's playing in outdoor space and their anxiety will be rejected. So, the results show that children's anxiety has more psychological aspect and the social level of family is more effective on it and formal factors do not interfere in this context so much.... Keywords: Environmental Psychology, Residential Complex, Residential Outdoor, Children’s Fun and Games Opportunities, Child's Anxiety.